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A1 Dutch GrammarPersonal Pronouns

Master Dutch personal pronouns including subject, object, and the formal u form for polite address.

1Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns in Dutch. Note: 'jij' and 'je' are informal, 'u' is formal.

Subject Pronouns

DutchEnglishNote
ikI
jij/jeyou (informal)jij = stressed
uyou (formal)polite
hijhe
zij/zeshe/theyzij = stressed
hetit
wij/wewewij = stressed
jullieyou (plural)informal

Examples

Ik ben leraar.

I am a teacher.

ik for I

Jij bent mijn vriend.

You are my friend.

jij for emphasis

Hij werkt hier.

He works here.

hij for he

Wij gaan naar school.

We go to school.

wij stressed, we unstressed

2Object Pronouns

Object pronouns are used after verbs and prepositions.

Object Pronouns

SubjectObjectEnglish
ikmij/meme
jijjou/jeyou
hijhemhim
zijhaarher
wijonsus
julliejullieyou (pl)
zijhen/hunthem

Examples

Zie je mij?

Do you see me?

mij as object

Ik geef het aan jou.

I give it to you.

jou after preposition

Zij belt hem.

She calls him.

hem as direct object

Hij helpt ons.

He helps us.

ons as object

3Formal U

Use 'u' when speaking to strangers, elders, or in formal situations.

Formal vs Informal

InformalFormalEnglish
jij/jeuyou (subject)
jou/jeuyou (object)
jouw/jeuwyour

Examples

Hoe heet u?

What is your name? (formal)

u for formal address

Kan ik u helpen?

Can I help you? (formal)

u as object

Is dit uw tas?

Is this your bag? (formal)

uw = formal your

Wat wilt u drinken?

What would you like to drink?

formal in service context

4Het vs Hij/Zij

Use 'het' for het-words, 'hij' for de-words when referring back to things.

Pronoun Reference

ArticlePronounExample
de tafelhijHij is groot.
het boekhetHet is interessant.
de autohijHij is rood.
het huishetHet is oud.

Examples

De stoel is nieuw. Hij is comfortabel.

The chair is new. It is comfortable.

de-word → hij

Het raam is open. Het is groot.

The window is open. It is big.

het-word → het

Waar is de sleutel? Hij ligt daar.

Where is the key? It is there.

de-word → hij

Het eten is klaar. Het ruikt lekker.

The food is ready. It smells good.

het-word → het