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A2 Swedish GrammarPresent Perfect Tense

Master the Swedish present perfect (perfekt) formed with 'har' + supine. Use it for completed actions with present relevance, experiences, and recent events. Learn the four verb groups and their supine endings: -at, -t, -tt, and irregular forms.

1Forming the Perfect: Har + Supine

The Swedish present perfect uses 'har' (have) + the supine form. The supine looks similar to the past participle but is only used with 'har'. Unlike English, Swedish uses 'har' for all persons: jag har, du har, hon har. Word order follows V2 rule.

Perfect Tense Structure

PersonStructureExampleEnglish
jaghar + supineJag har ätit.I have eaten.
duhar + supineDu har talat.You have spoken.
honhar + supineHon har kommit.She has come.
vihar + supineVi har läst.We have read.

Examples

Jag har bott i Stockholm.

I have lived in Stockholm.

har + bott (supine of bo)

Har du sett filmen?

Have you seen the movie?

Question with har first

Vi har redan ätit.

We have already eaten.

redan (already) between har and supine

Hon har aldrig varit här.

She has never been here.

aldrig between har and supine

2Verb Group 1: -ar Verbs → -at

Group 1 verbs (infinitive ends in -a, present in -ar) form the supine with -at. This is the largest group: tala → talat, arbeta → arbetat, öppna → öppnat. Remove -a from infinitive and add -at.

Group 1 Supine (-at)

InfinitivePresentSupineEnglish
talatalartalatspeak
arbetaarbetararbetatwork
handlahandlarhandlatshop
öppnaöppnaröppnatopen

Examples

Jag har pratat med henne.

I have talked to her.

prata → pratat

Har du arbetat idag?

Have you worked today?

arbeta → arbetat

Vi har handlat mat.

We have shopped for food.

handla → handlat

De har stängt butiken.

They have closed the store.

stänga → stängt (Group 2)

3Verb Groups 2-3: -er Verbs → -t/-tt

Group 2 verbs (infinitive ends in consonant, present in -er) form supine with -t: läsa → läst, köpa → köpt. Group 3 (short verbs ending in vowel) add -tt: bo → bott, tro → trott. Learn these patterns for intermediate fluency.

Groups 2-3 Supine

GroupInfinitiveSupineEnglish
2läsalästread
2köpaköptbuy
2ringaringtcall
3bobottlive
3trotrottbelieve
3sysyttsew

Examples

Jag har läst boken.

I have read the book.

läsa → läst (Group 2)

Har ni köpt biljetter?

Have you bought tickets?

köpa → köpt (Group 2)

Hon har bott här länge.

She has lived here for a long time.

bo → bott (Group 3)

Vi har ringt honom.

We have called him.

ringa → ringt

4Irregular Verbs (Group 4)

Group 4 contains strong/irregular verbs with vowel changes: gå → gått, ta → tagit, skriva → skrivit, komma → kommit. These must be memorized. Many common verbs are irregular, making them essential to learn.

Common Irregular Supines

InfinitivePreteriteSupineEnglish
gågickgåttgo
tatogtagittake
skrivaskrevskrivitwrite
kommakomkommitcome
varavarvaritbe
göragjordegjortdo/make

Examples

Jag har gått till jobbet.

I have walked to work.

gå → gått

Har du skrivit brevet?

Have you written the letter?

skriva → skrivit

Hon har varit sjuk.

She has been sick.

vara → varit

Vi har gjort det.

We have done it.

göra → gjort