Polish Grammar for BeginnersCEFR A1 Level
Start your journey with basic grammar concepts and simple sentence structures.
Start your Polish grammar journey with A1 beginner lessons. Learn essential Polish grammar rules including basic sentence structure, present tense, articles, and simple phrases. Perfect for absolute beginners with clear explanations and practical examples.
Personal Pronouns
Learn Polish personal pronouns (ja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, wy, oni, one) and how to use them in sentences. Polish has complex pronoun forms due to its case system, but subject pronouns are often omitted because verb endings indicate the subject.
Present Tense
Master Polish present tense verb conjugations. Learn the four conjugation patterns based on verb endings. Polish verbs change for person and number, making subject pronouns often unnecessary.
Articles (Definite & Indefinite)
Polish has no articles - no equivalent of 'the' or 'a/an'. Learn how Polish uses word order, demonstratives, and context to convey definiteness. This is a major simplification compared to English and other European languages.
Basic Word Order
Learn Polish sentence structure. While the basic order is SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), Polish word order is very flexible due to its case system. Word order is used for emphasis and information structure rather than grammar.
Numbers 1-100
Count from 1 to 100 in Polish. Polish numbers are challenging because they decline for case and gender. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 have special grammatical rules affecting the nouns that follow them.
Basic Questions
Form yes/no questions and use Polish question words (kto, co, gdzie, kiedy, jak, dlaczego). Learn to use czy for yes/no questions and understand how Polish question formation differs from English.
Negation
Learn to make negative sentences in Polish using nie. Understand Polish double negatives, which are grammatically required unlike in English. Master nie ma, nic, nikt, nigdy and other negative words.
Possessive Adjectives
Express ownership in Polish with m贸j, tw贸j, jego, jej, nasz, wasz, ich. Polish possessive adjectives decline for gender, number, and case, agreeing with the noun they modify, not the possessor.
Noun Gender
Understand Polish noun genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Learn to identify gender by noun endings and master the masculine subcategories (animate vs. inanimate, personal vs. non-personal).
Plural Nouns
Form Polish noun plurals correctly. Learn the different plural endings for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns. Master the special masculine personal plural forms used for groups of men.
Basic Adjectives
Describe people, places, and things with Polish adjectives. Learn how adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case. Master common adjective endings and their placement before nouns.
Time Expressions
Tell time and use Polish time words: dzi艣, jutro, wczoraj, rano, wiecz贸r. Learn days of the week, months, and how to ask and tell the time using kt贸ra jest godzina.
Common Verbs (by膰, mie膰)
Master the most essential Polish verbs: by膰 (to be) and mie膰 (to have). These irregular verbs are used in almost every sentence and form the foundation of Polish grammar.
Basic Prepositions
Learn essential Polish prepositions for location and time: w, na, do, z, od, u, przy, nad, pod. Understand which case each preposition requires - this is crucial for correct Polish.