Polish Grammar for Elementary LearnersCEFR A2 Level
Build on the basics with past tenses and more complex structures.
Build on your Polish foundations with A2 elementary grammar. Master past tense, future tense, comparative forms, and more complex sentence structures. Ideal for learners ready to expand their Polish grammar knowledge beyond the basics.
Past Tense (Simple Past)
Master the Polish past tense (czas przeszły) to describe completed actions. Polish past tense verbs change based on gender and number of the subject, making it unique among European languages. Learn the regular conjugation patterns for masculine, feminine, and neuter forms in both singular and plural.
Present Perfect Tense
Polish doesn't have a separate present perfect tense like English. Instead, the simple past tense (czas przeszły) covers both meanings. This lesson explains how Polish expresses completed actions with present relevance, and how aspect (dokonany/niedokonany) conveys the distinction between ongoing and completed actions.
Possessive Pronouns
Learn Polish possessive pronouns (zaimki dzierżawcze) that replace nouns with ownership meaning: mój/moja/moje (mine), twój (yours), and others. Unlike possessive adjectives which describe nouns, possessive pronouns stand alone and decline for gender, number, and case.
Prepositions (Location & Direction)
Master Polish prepositions for expressing location, direction, and movement. Polish prepositions govern specific cases - some take genitive, others locative or instrumental. Learn which case to use with prepositions like w (in), na (on), do (to), z (from), and przy (near).
Comparatives & Superlatives
Learn to make comparisons in Polish using comparative and superlative forms. Polish comparatives are formed with the suffix -szy/-iejszy, while superlatives add the prefix naj-. Master expressions like większy (bigger), najlepszy (the best), and comparative structures with niż (than).
Modal Verbs
Master Polish modal verbs for expressing ability, permission, necessity, and desire. Learn to conjugate móc (can), musieć (must), chcieć (want), powinien (should), and potrzebować (need). These verbs are followed by infinitives and are essential for everyday communication.
Reflexive Verbs
Learn Polish reflexive verbs that use the particle się. Many Polish verbs require się for actions done to oneself (myć się - to wash oneself) or reciprocal actions. Some verbs are always reflexive with no non-reflexive form. Master common reflexive verbs and their conjugation patterns.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Connect Polish sentences and clauses with coordinating conjunctions. Learn to use i (and), ale (but), lub/albo (or), bo (because), więc (so), and other connectors. These words join equal grammatical units without changing word order in the connected clauses.
Subordinate Clauses (że, kiedy, jeśli)
Create complex Polish sentences with subordinate clauses. Learn to use że (that), kiedy/gdy (when), jeśli/jeżeli (if), ponieważ (because), and żeby (in order to). Unlike coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions create dependent clauses that rely on the main clause.
Object Pronouns (Accusative & Dative)
Master Polish object pronouns in accusative and dative cases. Learn direct object forms (mnie, ciÄ™, go) and indirect object forms (mi, ci, mu). Understand when to use long vs. short forms and where to place pronouns in sentences for natural Polish speech.
Imperative (Commands)
Give commands and instructions in Polish using the imperative mood. Learn to form imperatives for singular informal (ty), plural informal (wy), and formal (Pan/Pani) situations. Master both positive commands and negative prohibitions with common everyday verbs.
Adjective Endings
Master Polish adjective declension across all seven cases. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case, changing their endings accordingly. Learn the patterns for hard and soft stem adjectives, and how they combine with different noun types.
Temporal Prepositions
Express time relationships precisely in Polish with temporal prepositions. Learn od (since/from), do (until), przez (for duration), przed (before), po (after), and za (in/within). Each preposition governs a specific case and conveys a distinct time meaning.